
Les forces de l'ONU en RDC. Pourquoi faire?
After reading the book about the responsibility to protect, another question came quickly to my mind: what may happen when a country is attacked by one of the big donor of the UN? The meaning of a word depends on its context. Let us focus first on the concept and then apply them in the case of RDC.
First, what are the responsibility to protect and the duty to prevent? It is a doctrine that holds two principles: that the state has the responsibility to protect civilians from mass atrocities and that when the state fails, the international community has the responsibility to protect the civilians. That responsibility embrace three specific responsibilities: to prevent, to react, to rebuild. In Africa, what is a state? How do we understand the international community?
In the western countries, the state is the result of Westphalian Treaty that consecrated the autonomy of the territory at the international level. Officially and unofficially, there is no authority above these western states. Their independence and self-determination are non fictive. They treat each other as equals. In Africa, these countries have been the colonies relying on the western countries. The states were born from the commercial trade and the colonial violence. After the independence, the white master has been replaced by a shadowy black master in the same order of violence (dictatorship, rebellion, war, exploitation etc.). And so, the state does not represent the population. In some country, it is a system of coercion against the population. The army is used by the rulers against the population. Democracy is a fair game for illiterate population. How can a state reduced to an elite in economic, political and military power protect civilians? In many countries, those who run the state are backed by the western countries which play the role of the so called international community. The ‘state’ which is a small portion of the population having all the means of force and of production is often the survival of the colonial system or the proxy of western countries willing to protect their interests. To protect the civilians becomes difficult since no one can be judge and jury.
But sometimes the interests are different and these former colonial powers may fight over their former colonies. We see it in Rwanda with France against Anglo- Saxon countries. Who has the responsibility to protect when the is no state as such in a country and when the ‘international community’ don’t stop fighting over their influence in a region ? What may happen in a region which does no longer have any geostrategic interest after the collapse of the communism? The responsibility to protect becomes a heavy duty to avoid. In DRC, British, Canadian and American corporations through proxy armies are fighting against China which signed with the elected government a contract today denied by the rebels. And the United Nations are negotiating ad infinitum to send three thousand “fight-watchers”.
The United Nations have the moral authority to authorize the military action ‘on behalf of the entire international community’. But the UN does not have its own army, police and its budget depends on the contribution of its members. And so, the responsibility to protect or the duty to prevent conflict depends on the power of the countries called to save civilians.
What does the UN mean to the displace people in the Eastern Kivu? They now know these countries do neither waste their money nor send their soldiers to die for the love of some barbarian tribes involved in slaughtering each other. The peacekeepers of the UN are seventeen thousand concentrated where there is coltan, diamond, copper, bauxite, and other natural resources exploited by these western companies. We are very far from these wonderful documents of the UN (The responsibility to Protect, for example). The state is a legal system that legitimatize the supremacy of a bourgeois class backed by the former colonialist (cfr Franz Fanon, Kwame N’krumah etc). The international community is a moral notion to frame a practical consensus among the ‘great powers’ in the game of “the Grand Chessboard” (Zbigniew Bzezinski). I write and write about the multidimensional peacekeeping operations of the UN; I still have doubts about the efficiency of the so called international community. Before even thinking about the duty to prevent, I suggest the reform of the UN.
Karma-Yoga